Data gathered, studies compared, and all options dutifully considered, here is an overview of the health and environmental impacts of everyday cookware choices. Keep the larger picture in mind as you peruse your cookware options:
Reduce: Buy what you need. Look for items that can do double-duty and buy for longevity.
Reuse:Reuse: If you buy cookware, buy used.
Recycle: Find new uses for your old pots and pans.
When weighing health and environmental issues, remember that in the U.S., chemicals, and other products are considered safe until proven otherwise. Is there irrefutable proof that nonstick pans can cause cancer, or that aluminum cookware could be a factor in Alzheimer’s disease? No. We are lab rats, caught somewhere between the uncertainties and linguistics of science and regulatory principles that place potential health and environmental threats — and the burden of proving those threats — on the public. We are canaries in the kitchen.
Learn more about cookware and bakeware from wiki.
Talking about health
Nonstick pans are the most common, but also the most controversial. Be sure not to use metal utensils. Health concerns are often the No. 1 issue when choosing pots and pans. Here's how the different types stack up.
1. Nonstick cookware
This is the most popular cookware and also the most controversial. According to the Environmental Working Group, nonstick coatings can “reach 700 degrees Fahrenheit in as little as 3-5 minutes, releasing 15 toxic gasses and chemicals, including two carcinogens." At high heat, the fluoropolymers used in nonstick finishes release various toxic substances, and at least one greenhouse gas.
The greatest concerns surround perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a substance that persists in the environment and widespread use of which has made it detectable in the blood of almost all Americans, adults and newborns alike. PFOA is considered a likely carcinogen and is associated with raised levels of cholesterol and birth defects. It is known to cause testicular, pancreatic, mammary and liver tumors in rats, and workers exposed to PFOA have increased the risk for cancers of the pancreas and the male reproductive tract. Additionally, overheated chemical nonstick finishes release fumes that cause illness in humans known as polymer fume fever. The fumes are known to kill birds, and manufacturers warn against the use of these pans in homes with pet birds ... hence the "canary in a coal mine" reference.
Most Americans have at least one piece of chemical nonstick cookware, and they are urged to follow these safety guidelines:
Never leave nonstick pans unattended on an open flame or another heat source, and keep cooking temperatures below 450 degrees.
Don’t use metal utensils on nonstick cookware, and wash the pans by hand using nonabrasive cleaners and sponges, not steel wool. Watch for wear and tear or flaking of any nonstick surface.
Keep birds out of the kitchen. You may learn more about non-stick best ceramic cookware set from here.
2. Stainless steel cookware
This option is a mixture of different metals, including nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. These metals can migrate into foods, but unless your cookware is worn or damaged the amount of metals likely to get into your food is reportedly negligible.
As with nonstick surfaces, it is suggested you avoid using abrasives for cleaning stainless steel cookware.
I may reference a review on best stainless steel cookware for you.
3. Aluminum cookware
Aluminum is a soft and highly reactive metal that can leach into food, especially when you are cooking with acidic ingredients. The metal food reaction can form aluminum salts that are associated with impaired visual motor coordination and Alzheimer’s disease. Aluminum is ubiquitous — it is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in the air, water and soil. Aluminum intake is virtually impossible to avoid, and the amount we are likely to get from aluminum cookware is relatively minimal. This has led to a cookware-is-the-least-of-our-worries stance. Approached from a more precautionary view, why wouldn’t we take every opportunity to limit exposure, at least until we have reliable evidence of aluminum’s safety?
As with other cookware, the more pitted and worn the pot, the greater the amount of aluminum that can be absorbed. Because aluminum is so reactive, cooking or storing highly acidic or salty foods may cause more aluminum than usual to enter the food.
4. Anodized aluminum cookware
This has become an attractive alternative to plain aluminum. Aluminum placed in a chemical solution and exposed to electric current builds up a hard, non-reactive surface. This process is called anodization. The electrochemical anodizing process “locks in” the aluminum, but anodization can break down over time.
5. Cast-iron cookware
Cast iron is known for its durability and even heat distribution. Unglazed cast iron can transfer notable amounts of iron into food, but unlike the metals that come from other types of pots and pans, iron is considered a healthy food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The nonstick quality of cast iron comes from seasoning. Seasoning is the term used for treating cast iron with oil and baking it. This fills in the porous surface of the cookware. A guide to seasoning cast iron is available here.
6. Copper cookware
Copper leaches into food when heated, prompting the FDA to caution against using unlined copper for general use. Accordingly, the cooking surfaces are usually lined with tin, nickel or stainless steel. Coated copper cookware can lose its protective layer if damaged. Keep in mind that the metals of the “protective” surface can also end up in your food.
7. Ceramic, enameled and glass cookware
These are safe options. Health concerns about using ceramic and enamel stem from components used in making, glazing or decorating the cookware, such as lead or cadmium. In the U.S., both of these highly toxic substances have been phased out, or at least limited in cookware manufacturing. This is not a place to ignore labels; if it says "Not for food use," don't use it for food!
8. Plastic cookware
This simply shouldn’t be an option.
9. Bamboo Cookware
Bamboo is non-reactive and considered to have no harmful effects on food, but its uses are limited: You can’t fry eggs in bamboo.
Consider the environment
bamboo forest
Bamboo is a renewable resource, so cookware made from bamboo has a small environmental impact.
The materials used to create cookware can vary degrees of impact on the environment. You may want to keep that in mind when choosing your pots and pans.
1. Metals carry a heavy burden of resource extraction, processing, and manufacturing. Mining is a dirty and destructive process, and the production of complex, multiple-metal cookware is energy-intensive. In 2004, the metal mining industry was ranked as the nation's worst toxic polluter by the EPA. Most metals can be recycled, but the mixing of elements (stainless coated copper, for example) can negate that quality. Coatings and non-stick linings break down with use and time, so these pans are short-lived. Some interesting ideas for reusing metal cookware can be found here.
2. Bamboo is a renewable resource, does not necessitate mining and uses relatively little energy in manufacturing. Bamboo cookware has a short lifespan, but its environmental impact is relatively small.
3. Glass, ceramic and enameled cookware cannot be recycled. They can be bought used and depending on the quality, can be versatile enough to serve multiple functions. Their longevity is limited by breakage.
4. Cast iron can last for many, many generations. It can be bought used and still be as good as new — or better. It can be used on the stovetop or in the oven, reducing the number of items used for cooking. It requires no detergent for cleaning. It’s a winner.
I think cast iron is the best option all around. Weigh the health and environmental risks and decide what is best for you.
Read an excellent review on cast iron cookware from here.
